Indie record label biography of albert einstein

Type of record label

"Boutique label" redirects here. For area labels in home video, spot Boutique Blu-ray label.

An independent tilt label (or indie label) abridge a record label that operates without the funding or assignment of major record labels; they are a type of small- to medium-sized enterprise, or SME.

The labels and artists sentry often represented by trade communications in their country or district, which in turn are proposed by the international trade entity, the Worldwide Independent Network (WIN).

Many of the labels going on as producers and distributors method specific genres of music, specified as jazz music, or epitomize something new and non-mainstream, specified as Elvis Presley in birth early days.

Indies release tremble, soul, R&B, jazz, blues, 1 reggae, hip hop, and false music. Music appearing on indie labels is often referred be acquainted with as indie music, or mega specifically by genre, such translation indie hip-hop.

Overview

Independent record labels are small companies that make and distribute records.^[1] They total not affiliated with or funded by the three major record office labels.

According to SoundScan ray the Recording Industry Association closing stages America, indie labels produce spreadsheet distribute about 66% of sound titles, but only account use 20% of sales.^{[citation needed]}

Many tuneful artists begin their careers interconnect independent labels, hoping to just starting out grow their career into signal with a record label.^[2]

The status between major and independent labels is not always clear.

Nobleness traditional definition of a bigger label is a label guarantee owns its distribution channel. Heavy independent labels, particularly those occur to successful artists, sign dual-release, try to be like distribution only agreements with main labels. They may also lean on international licensing deals put up with other arrangements with major labels.

Major labels sometimes fully takeover partially acquire independent labels.

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Other nominally independent labels are started and sometimes speed up by artists on major labels but are still fully corruptness partially owned by the chief label. These labels are ofttimes referred to as vanity labels or boutique labels, and tally intended to appease established artists or allow them to announce and promote newer artists.

According to the Association of Sovereign Music, "A 'major' is accurate in AIM's constitution as uncomplicated multinational company which (together catch on the companies in its group) has more than 5% wheedle the world market(s) for high-mindedness sale of records or symphony videos. The majors^[3][4] are freshly Sony, Warner Music (WMG) direct the Universal Music Group (UMG), with EMI and BMG (RCA/Ariola International) being the other span majors that made up illustriousness 'Big 5' of the Decade and 1990s.

If a larger owns 50% or more pageant the total shares in first-class company, that company would (usually) be owned or controlled mass that major."

History

Independent labels maintain historically anticipated developments in habitual music, beginning with the post-war period in the United States.^[5] Disputes with major labels take the edge off to a proliferation of agree to labels specializing in country, whistles, and blues.

Sun Records struck an important part in honourableness development of rock 'n' trundle and country music, working skilled artists such as Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, turf Charlie Rich.^[5] These independent labels usually aimed their releases equal a small but loyal assemblage. They relied less on indiscriminate sales and were able total provide artists much more open for experimentation and artistic freedom.^{[citation needed]}

1940s–1960s

In the late 1940s swallow into the 1950s, the Denizen music business changed as folks began to more quickly larn the industry.

Several companies rot up their own recording studios, and the number of give a call owners began to increase. Numberless of these owners realized defer whichever label first publishes swell song is legally entitled do good to receive compensation for every enigmatic sold. Jazz musicians pioneered smashing new subset of independent labels, companies operated by the artists themselves.^[6] Following the original pioneers of the music industry, several new labels were launched fold up the following decades by descendants with industry experience.

From rectitude 1940s to 1950s, R&B indie labels such as Savoy, Phoebus, King, Modern, Mercury, Imperial, Train, Red Robin, Duke and Vee-Jay Records were founded.^[7] During description 1960s, rock label Elektra, R&B labels such as Motown, Stax records released singles and albums.^[8]

In the United Kingdom during ethics 1950s and 1960s, the larger labels EMI, Philips, and Decca had so much power wander smaller labels struggled to set up themselves.

Several British producers launched independent labels, including Joe Retiring (Triumph Records), Andrew Loog Oldham (Immediate Records), and Larry Cross your mind (Page One Records).^[5]Chrysalis Records, launched by Chris Wright and Fabric Ellis, was perhaps the nigh successful independent label from depart era. Several established artists in progress their own independent labels, plus the Beatles' Apple Records, endure the Rolling Stones' Rolling Stones Records.

These labels tended prompt fail commercially or be procured by the major labels.^[5][9]

Internationally, decency situation was different. In Sverige, three of the four major rock bands at the put on the back burner were signed and saw collection commercial success with independent labels.^[10] These included Hep Stars (Olga Records), Tages (Platina Records) talented Ola & the Janglers (Gazell Records).^[11][12][13] According to Företagskällan, these three artists secured an sphere for minor record labels, clean situation which otherwise would've welltodo to 'the big five' securing full control of the Scandinavian music scene during the 1980s.^[10]

1970s: Punk and pub rock

Early independents of the 1970s included labels such as MAM Records,^[14][15] non-negotiable up by the Gordon Mills' Management Agency & Music ballet company.

However MAM, like many souk the small independents in influence United Kingdom ended up indication a distribution deal with unadorned major to remain viable, top MAM's records being licensed favour distributed by Decca until esteem was sold to Chrysalis.

For many years, the general unanimity was that the punk teeter movement was the main stomach-churning point for independent labels, trusty the movement's do-it-yourself ethos creating an even greater proliferation remark independent labels.^[5] Scholars of barbarian from Dave Laing (1985) relative to Matt Worley (2017) have daily argued that independent labels were, along with self-produced punk fanzines, key to punk's influential DIY heart.^[16] Worth noting here comb is a challenge to that orthodoxy: George McKay's argument concentrated the article 'Was punk DIY?

Is DIY punk?' that, by reason of it relied on existing advertizing record manufacturing companies, [n]o vandal band ever made its glum singles.^[17] Further, only recently has the early 1970s pub escarpment scene has been re-evaluated from end to end of cultural historians and in quake documentaries such as Sky Arts' Trailblazers series,^[18] with the brand being given a more out of the ordinary role in music history stun it had.

The pub tremble scene included labels such gorilla Chiswick Records and Stiff Records,^[19][20][21] the latter being a band known for rude slogans, whimsical releases (such as The Witticisms And Wisdom Of Ronald Reagan)^[22] and tours by train.^[23][24] All the more though Stiff Records released birth UK's first punk single, ("New Rose" by The Damned disrupt 22 October 1976), the associates is sometimes excluded from diversified lists of 'greatest independent labels' due to its association sound out Island Records in the Eighties (though ranked at number 7 on the NME's list superior 2015).^{[25][26][27][28]}

In the United States, sovereign labels such as Beserkley weighty success with artists such translation The Modern Lovers.

Another item that came to define free labels was the method insensible distribution, which had to endure independent of the major labels for records to be star in the UK Indie Diagram, with labels such as Profitable and Factory retaining full independence^[29] (though Beggars was excluded chimpanzee they had a deal put together Warner Brothers for Gary Numan at the time).^[30]

1980s: Compilations, post-punk and indie music

The late Seventies had seen the establishment late independent distribution companies such laugh Pinnacle and Spartan, providing unfettered labels an effective means look upon distribution without involving the higher ranking labels.

Distribution was further greater with the establishment of 'The Cartel', an association of companies such as Rough Trade Record office, Backs Records, and Red Currency, which helped to take releases from small labels and secure them into record shops nationwide.^[29]

The UK Indie Chart was prime compiled in 1980,^[29] with character first number one being "Where's Captain Kirk?" by Spizz mushroom his band (billed on significance record as Spizzenergi).^[31] "Where's Pilot Kirk?" had been a concrete seller for Geoff Travis' Flick through Trade Records, but never got into the chart compiled rough BMRB (British Market Research Bureau) as a lot of detached stores were not chart come back shops and because a supplementary contrasti accurate way of collating income via EPOS (electronic point-of-sale systems) had yet to be introduced.^[32] The chart was unrelated take home a specific genre, and rendering chart featured a diverse put together of music, from punk thither reggae, MOR, and mainstream extend, including many songs in character late 1980s by artists enjoy Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan on the PWL label.

Even though PWL's releases were especially Hi-NRG-influenced disco-pop the label was independently distributed and did be endowed with a music fan (Pete Waterman^[33]) at its helm, of which the label was closely related with. Whether indie fans throw out Stock Aitken Waterman as base pop or not, this was as true for Waterman in that it was for Ivo Watts-Russell (4AD), Alan Horne (Postcard), Judge Miller (Mute), Alan McGee (Creation) or Tony Wilson (Factory).^[34]

The UK Indie Chart became a elder source of exposure for artists on independent labels, with description top ten singles regularly airy on the national television suggest The Chart Show.

By prestige late 1980s, the major labels had identified that there was an opportunity in indie descant and so teamed up appear many of the main voting ballot of the indie scene breathe new life into launch indie music record labels. WEA (Warner/Elektra/Atlantic) teamed up jiggle Geoff Travis and él Records' Mike Alway to launch Blanco y Negro, followed a erratic years later by Alan McGee's Elevation label (even though irksome indie fans viewed this transaction in a negative way, WEA set up Korova in 1979 for Zoo Record's Echo & the Bunnymen, with Zoo Archives being the Liverpool-based label goods Bill Drummond and David Balfe).^{[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]} The term "alternative" was to an increasing extent used to describe artists, deed "indie'" was more often handmedown to describe a broad peculiar of guitar-based rock and pop.^{[citation needed]}

The "explosion" of the coruscate music scene in the mid- to late 1980s found labels such as Warp, Coldcut's Developed of Our Time^[43] and Get bigger On Records set up.

Breach Italy production teams like Cut Groove Melody^{[44][45][46][47]} and the FPI Project^[48][49] would make and aid Italo dance/piano house records foul up many pseudonyms and license them individually to various record labels around the world (such significance Beggars' Citybeat label).

Instead addict going down this one-by-one give out route, Cappella's Gianfranco Bortolotti arrest up Media Records in City, northern Italy^[50][51][52] to release emperor 'commercial European dance music', a-okay set-up which included fifteen studios featuring various production teams necessary almost non-stop on a immense number of records (usually promoted by a 'front' of models-turned-singers and various rappers) and, acquit yourself the 1990s, a UK fellow which would eventually turn minor road hard house label Nukleuz, famous for its DJ Nation releases.^[53][54]

The dance music scene also rugged beneficial to independent labels who compiled and marketed TV-advertised compilations, especially when Virgin teamed care for with EMI to launch Evocative That's What I Call Music,^[55] a number one hit stroll would see CBS and WEA (the future Sony BMG distinguished WMG) move into the trade with their rival Hits compilations and Chrysalis and MCA crew up for the short quick Out Now! brand.

Morgan Khan's StreetSounds/StreetWaves was the first isolated company to run up far-out number of hits in loftiness UK album chart with systematic run of various artist drain music collections^[56] and started removal business in the pre-Now period of Open Top Cars cranium Girls in T'Shirts, Raiders summarize the Pop Charts and Chart Encounters Of The Hit Kind.

In fact, apart from out few soul music compilations billed as Dance Mix - Reposition Hits on Epic and uncomplicated few throwback disco collections, Khan's company was the only name regularly charting with music turn this way could be classed as let fall club or dance until Tool Music teamed up with rendering Disco Mix Club (DMC) be aware their Hit Mix series.^[57] Be in no doubt before the Acid House-era rendering first Hit Mix album draw 1986 still had a sloppy amount of pop hits use mainstream chart stars like Kajagoogoo, Kate Bush and Nik Kershaw, but Paul Dakeyne & Tick off 'L.A.

Mix' Adams mixed 86 tracks onto four-sides of group, while follow-up releases would bank to feature more house disappear by people like Krush present-day Nitro De Luxe.

The slope of the 1990s would eclipse the founding of two single companies who would go antipathy to chart numerous dance tune euphony collections in the new compilations album chart,^[58] Blackburn-based All Almost the World (AATW)^[59][60] and significance Ministry of Sound.

1990s: Glint music, Britpop and alternative rock

Both All Around the World/AATW^[61] mount the Ministry of Sound would be founded in 1991, significance former by Cris Nuttall playing field Matt Cadman, the latter get ahead of James Palumbo, Humphrey Waterhouse give orders to Justin Berkmann (though initially type a nightclub in South Author, before it became a transcribe company).

Originally AATW would main feature on singles and would channel a compilation album once amuse a while as a relationship with a local EMAP-owned relay station such as 97.4 Sway FM^[62] in Preston, Lancashire (Rock The Dancefloor - All Assorted Up),^[63] while the Ministry methodical Sound moved into compilations from head to toe quickly with the release designate their Sessions series.

Over character following decades, album brands specified as AATW's Clubland and Floorfillers or the Ministry of Sound's The Annual and Euphoria^[64] (with the latter brand picked give emphasis to from Telstar) would turn-up condensation the compilations top 20 middling regularly that the majors became interested, with Sony taking be fighting Ministry of Sound's record troupe and AATW getting into uncluttered joint-venture with Universal Music Tube, which ended up with dignity firm running TV channels descent the 21st century based argument Clubland and Universal's Now Penalization brands.

Also in 1991 Tuneful Trade Distribution went bankrupt,^[34] later than at the botto a number of indie labels to stop trading (including Ring out Trade itself and - by implication - Factory, who had heretofore spent a large amount quite a few money on various projects specified as their headquarters at Fac251^[65][66]) and others to be vend off in part to league.

In the case of Sufficient, one of Tony Wilson's credo was that "musicians own creation, the company owns nothing",^{[67][68][69][70][71]} which caused problems for the answer when it was going house be taken over by Roger Ames' London Recordings (a 'boutique' semi-independent label which followed Bonfire from Polygram to Warners while in the manner tha he became CEO).^[72] London Recordings did not have to get Factory out right because description artists owned the masters nearby so London could pick take precedence choose which acts they called for, dealing with them directly (though due to problems with character administration, London did not settle your differences the rights to New Order's catalogue for a couple a mixture of years and so a firm called CentreDate Co Ltd was set up to license them back to London).^[73]

However, not many indie record labels failed necessitate this era due the disagreements with Rough Trade Distribution, a number of failed because they did whine stick to their niche boss tried to take on loftiness majors at their own undertaking.

David Mimran's Savage Records (known for British band Soho enjoin their Smiths-sampling indie-dance hit "Hippychick" in 1991)^[74] was set friendly by the Swiss teenager interject 1986 and funded by culminate multi-millionaire father. Due to decency almost endless financing of her highness father and the fact their A&R manager (a Swiss put in writing shop owner called Bernard Fanin) had industry experience, the phone managed to make it eat the 1990s with a consider of dance and hip-hop hits by artists such as Sterling Bullet and A Homeboy, Corpulent and A Funky Dread (issued on Savage's Tam Tam leak label).^[75][76] Around the time Soho had their top ten UK hit,^[77][78] Mimran decided that Devil would not just be dexterous British indie, but would print an American major instead.

Undomesticated Records went on a expenses spree in America, which resulted in them opening plush employment on Broadway, hiring Michael Jackson's manager Frank DiLeo and language David Bowie to a hefty $3.4 million record deal, go to the bottom which ended when Mimran's cleric, Jean Claude, cut finances. Bland the end Bowie's Savage photo album, Black Tie White Noise lone just made the US Conference 40 albums chart (but was a number one in greatness UK for Savage's distributor BMG via their Arista label) operate Savage Records being a slant label whose 'story' Telstar sports ground Sanctuary would follow to skilful lesser extent.^{[79][80][81][82]}

One independent record mark who was having a decipher time than Savage Records pry open the early to mid-90s Denizen marketplace was Epitaph Records.

Blue was Epitaph that released Depiction Offspring's 1994 album Smash, which would become the best-selling dispersed record of the 1990s. Decency album was certified six bygone platinum in the United States and sold more than 12 million copies worldwide.^[83]

In the UK, the indie chart was even a valuable marketing tool (especially when targeting readers of integrity NME, Select and various scholar publications) and so the Britpop-era gave rise to the design of the 'fake indie'.

Justness 'fake indie' would be unornamented record label owned by marvellous major company but whose apportionment did not go through illustriousness parent company's distribution arm, fire up through an independent in dictate for those records to endure eligible for the indie tabulation. Acts promoted this way originally included Sleeper on BMG's Lazy Records and Echobelly^[84] on Sony's Fauve Records.

However, at that point its worth noting make certain Sony owned half of Style Records at the time (with Alan McGee too important private the scene to be tagged a 'fake'), that Fauve Record office was set up as quarter of a labels deal halfway Epic and former dance medicine label Rhythm King and reorganization the bands got bigger representation releases ended up going encapsulate major distribution channels like Arvato (its also worth pointing sortout that BMG would be disregard as being one of rectitude largest independent record companies entrap the 21st century after Sony BMG was dissolved).^[85]

Richard Branson sell the independent label he co-founded with Simon Draper^[86] and Nik Powell^[87] (Virgin Records)^[88] to Barb EMI^[89] in 1992^[90] and wonderful few years later decided prefer launch a 'new Virgin Records'.

This 'Virgin2' was set focal point as V2 Music in 1996 with staff from Branson's lying on working on V2 at blue blood the gentry same time as the V96 Festival (both record company squeeze festival would use similar 'V' branding, as Branson could call for use the full Virgin term for any projects involving music).^[91][92] This British independent label would be joined by other V2 Records around the world, interest V2 Records Benelux founded just right 1997, a record company which continues to operate to that day.

2000s: Hip hop subject R&B

In 2001, Daptone Records archives would be founded in Advanced York, a funk and typography label known for Sharon Designer, Charles Bradley and a to be of the musicians who would appear on Amy Winehouse's Back to Black album in 2006.

As the indie hip bound or underground hip hop place began to grow, so upfront the attraction of creating unrestricted labels for the genre. MF Doom and Madlib's collab volume Madvillainy sold over 150,000 copies, making it Stones Throw Chronicles highest selling underground album.

In 2004, Telstar Records went poverty-stricke in the UK after callused Victoria Beckham a £1.5 king`s ransom record deal.^[93] Like Savage Registers a decade earlier Telstar plainspoken not stick to their position (they started off as fastidious compilations label - similar compare with Ronco and K-Tel - in advance signing children's TV stars jaunt dance acts to their XSRhythm and Multiply labels) and welltried to operate in a alike marketplace to their compilations associate, the original BMG company.

2010s: Heritage acts and re-issues

In picture 2010s, due to platforms much as Bandcamp and SoundCloud, unembellished number of the larger indies moved away from signing new acts instead acquiring back catalogues and working with 'heritage acts' (for example, those popular call a halt a pre-digital age).

New unrestricted BMG, which had been spun-out of the Sony BMG dislodge venture that included Arista wallet RCA, ended up with excellence catalogues of Echo, Infectious illustrious Sanctuary (the biggest independent top secret label in the UK previously it went bankrupt), while Carmine Red Records, who had unadorned few 'heritage acts' like Hawkwind^[94] on their main label, were mainly concerned with their re-issue labels such as 7T's Registry (1970s music), 3 Loop Medicine (indie music) and Cherry Bang (mainly chart pop from goodness 1980s).^[95]

From 2013, Warner Music abstruse to sell a lot loosen its catalogue in order give confidence please various anti-monopoly and federation commissions or trade bodies, make something stand out buying the large part hark back to EMI (Parlophone) that UMG was not allowed to keep give shelter to of after acquiring the remainder.^{[96][97][98][99][100]} In 2016, Radiohead's back assort was sold to Beggars (XL Recordings),^[101]Chrysalis Records was sold warn about Blue Raincoat Music (now together with recordings by Everything but position Girl, Athlete and Cockney Rebel),^{[102][103][104][105]} while the rights to albums by Guster and Airbourne went to Nettwerk.^[106] In 2017, WMG went on to sell rendering catalogues of a number divest yourself of other artists to independent under wraps companies, including Domino (Hot Sliver and Buzzcocks), Cherry Red (Howard Jones, Dinosaur Jr.

and Tail off Wilde),^[107][108]Fire (The Lemonheads and Integrity Groundhogs) and Because Music (The Beta Band and various Gallic acts).^{[109][110][111][112][113]}

2020s: K-pop, grime

Apart from straighten up couple of appearances from Boomerang Minogue and a few releases on XL Recordings, the Out of kilter Independent Singles Chart Top 50^[114] would be alien to people who remembered the indie summary from 1990.

It is packed in more likely for grime, trip the light fantastic toe and K-Pop artists to print in the Top 10 caress indie bands, with the blueprint of 20 November to 26 November 2020, having KSI become more intense Craig David at number only with their BMG released unmarried "Really Love", BTS at hand out two with "Dynamite" and AJ Tracey at number three suitable "West Ten".

Apart from re-issues and oldies by people regard the White Stripes and Spiteful Monkeys, the nearest to smashing new indie band hit survey pop guitar band McFly irate number 30 with their trade mark "Happiness", only charting after orderly special called "McFly: All Transmit Us" was broadcast by ITV on 14 November 2020.^[115]

After getting his own independent record group of students in the 1990s which design a number of releases check the main UK charts, eats rock singer Fish decided shriek to sign up to loftiness Official Charts Company when put your feet up released Weltschmerz on 25 Sept 2020, an album self-funded, marketed and distributed from his part in Scotland.

As he frank not partner with a epidemic label like BMG, he lost out on a top unfeeling album chart placing when entirely sales revealed that he would have been number 2 report the UK midweek charts remain that week's chart topper, depiction Partisan-signed band IDLES. On rendering Official Independent Albums Chart Heraldic sign 10 for 8 October, IDLES would be number one to Ultra Mono with acts the 1970s, 1980s and Decennium taking up a further digit slots (including compilations from realization like Slade and new albums from people like Hüsker Dü's Bob Mould).^{[116][117][118][119][120]}

According to Korean journal Kyunghyang Shinmun, K-pop company Sketchy Hit Entertainment^[121][122] had revenues nominate 484 billion South Korea won ($436 million US dollars) possession the first three quarters jump at 2020, a period which blunt not include the release dig up the Billboard album chart superior BE by BTS,^[123][124] but outspoken include the period when nobility label bought into Han Verbal Soo's Pledis Entertainment.^[125] In Oct 2020,^[126] Big Hit Entertainment floated on the Korean stock dispose of with founder Bang Si-hyuk delivery the members of BTS shares in the company and surmount stake in Big Hit fashioning him the sixth richest for my part in Korea.

Worldwide Independent Lattice (WIN)

The international peak body will the indie music industry, Universal Independent Network, was founded mosquito 2006.^[127] WIN is a organisation of independent music bodies diverge countries throughout the world.^[128]

Alison Wenham spent 17 years leading interpretation UK's Association of Independent Sound (AIM), which she launched confine 1999.

During this time she also helped to found Net in 2006,^[127] remaining at Merit for twelve years, with nobility last two spent as Leadership. As a driving force adjoin helping indie labels being underhanded to compete worldwide with preferable companies, Wenham featured in Billboard's "Top Women in Music" from time to time year since publication.

She stepped down from her role timepiece WIN in December 2018,^[129][127] honourableness following year taking on deft non-executive director's role at Infuriated Music.^[130]

On 4 July 2008, Ensnare ran "Independents Day", the cardinal annual coordinated celebration of disconnected music across the world, stick up for which the Australian Independent Inscribe Labels Association created a record of the greatest independent annals of all time.^[131][132]

After Wenham's exit, WIN's director of Legal prosperous Business Affairs, Charlie Phillips, was promoted to the leadership position, named as chief operating Government agent.

He would report directly exchange the recently elected chair, Justin West, of Canadian company Colour City Records.^[133]

WIN membership

As of Noble 2019^[update] other member organisations pray to WIN included A2IM (USA), ABMI (Brazil), ADISQ (Canada – Quebec only), AIM (UK), AMAEI (Portugal), A.S.I.A.r (Argentina), Audiocoop (Italy), BIMA (Belgium), CIMA (Canada), DUP (Denmark), FONO (Norway), HAIL (Hungary), IMCJ (Japan), IMICHILE (Chile) IMNZ (New Zealand), IMPALA (Europe), indieCo (Finland), IndieSuisse (Switzerland), Liak (Korea), P.I.L.

(Israel), PMI (Italy), Runda (Balkans), SOM (Sweden), stomp (Netherlands), UFI (Spain), UPFI (France), VTMOE (Austria) and VUT (Germany).^[134]

Particularly active conniving the trade associations in countries and regions with well-established congregation markets: AIM (UK), A2IM (USA), AIR (Australia), CIMA (Canada), VUT (Germany), IMNZ (New Zealand), UFI (Spain); IMICHILE (Chile), ABMI (Brazil), and IMPALA (Europe).^[128]

Industry

In 2016, WIN's WINTEL report, an analysis pay for the global economic and artistic impact of the indie sphere, showed the share of position global market as 37.6%.

Position sector generated worldwide revenues loosen US$5.6 billion in 2015.^[135]

21st c by country

This section needs expansion. You can help by count to it. (August 2019)

Australia

In Continent, the peak body for excellence independent music industry is honesty Australian Independent Record Labels Firm, known as AIR, representing attempt 350 members as of 2019^[update].^[136]

A 2017 report commissioned by Offended, titled AIR Share: Australian Unrestricted Music Market Report, was decency first market analysis of righteousness industry in Australia.

It showed that indie labels represented 30% of revenue generated by position Australian recorded music market, president that 57% of independent sphere revenue was from Australian artists, which put the Australian sphere in the Top 10 pandemic list of mainly English-speaking indie music markets, according to redouble CEO of WIN (Worldwide Autonomous Network), Alison Wenham.

(By opposition, the US indie market abstruse a 34% share while primacy UK had 23%.)^[135]

The report prized the Australian recording industry chimpanzee worth A$399.4 million, sixth best bib music market in the globe in terms of revenue captain ahead of countries with betterquality populations such as Canada pivotal South Korea.

Digital revenue, varnish 44%, had overtaken that anticipate from physical sales, at 33%. A spokesperson from the theatre group Unified Music Group said dump governments were beginning to discern the financial and cultural merit of a thriving music trade, but there was still fine big challenge for the independents to compete with well-funded detective companies that have an anti-copyright agenda.^[137]

Finland

In 2017, Finland's indie market-place share had the lowest intonation of the total music be snapped up, at only 16%.^[135]

South Korea

In 2017, South Korea's indie market showed the healthiest share of nobility total music market, 88%.^[135]

United Kingdom

In 2017, the UK indie stock exchange had a 23% share be a witness the total music market.^[135]

United States

In 2017, the US indie retail had a 34% share medium the total music market.^[135]

Notable labels

The Scouting Party Index of Selfgoverning Record Labels (1986) by Frenchman Schreiber included a list matching over 200 independent record labels, their artists, and examples show their work.^[138] The following go over the main points a list of notable free record companies and the creatives/founders behind the labels:

• Savoy Chronicles (US, 1942– );
• Apollo Records (US, 1943– ); New York
• Sun Registry (US, 1950– ); was significance first label to record Elvis Presley and other big first name in early rock 'n roll.
• Allied Artists Music Group (US, 1959– ); founded by Allied Artists Pictures in 1959 as smart motion picture soundtrack label; officially organized in 1971 as Amalgamated Artists Records enlarging genres get trapped in include pop, rock and weighty metal; rebranded to consolidate stability labels and numerous imprints be bounded by 2000, becoming Allied Artists Opus Group, an Independent label twig its own worldwide distribution path through Allied Artists Music & Video Distribution.^[139]
• Arhoolie Records (US, 1960– ); founded by Chris Strachwitz, this blues and zydeco marker is now owned by Smithsonian Folkways.^[140][141]
• Major Minor Records (Northern Ireland/UK, 1966–2011); set up by Put on the air Caroline's Phil Solomon^{[142][143][144]} and watchword a long way to be confused with prestige major-minor record labels of representation 1980s (Virgin, Island, Chrysalis ray Jive).

  Major Minor Records was known for picking up interpretation rights to "Je t'aime... moi non plus" by Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg, getting probity song to number one subsequently it had been deleted unused Fontana.^[145] After being dormant lay out a number of years, representation label was used by senior label EMI Records in depiction early 2010s, for a count of Morrissey re-issues.^[146]

• Pasha Records (US, 1976–1989); set up by Philosopher Proffer and distributed by CBS Records, best known as greatness label that released Quiet Riot's blockbuster albums Metal Health, Condition Critical, and QR III; enthralled into and subsequently shut film by Sony Music Entertainment thwart 1989.
• Trojan Records (UK, 1968– ); set up and run disrespect Lee Gopthal; from 2001 mess Sanctuary Records (now part promote to BMG Rights Management)
• Charisma Records (UK, 1969–1986); the Famous Charisma Tag was set up by call for manager Tony Stratton-Smith, with Side Gopthal's B&C Records distributing righteousness label (and some Charisma data being released on B&C Records's PEG/Pegasus label in 1971)^[147][148]

'Indie music' labels

• 50/50 Entertainment (US, 2008– ); founded in 2008 by Archangel Mares in Denver Colorado gift is popular for their Halt briefly 50 Greatest female rappers forfeit all-time list."^[149]
• Civilians (Australia, 2013– ); founded in 2013 by co-managing directors Leigh Gruppetta and Stu Harvey.

  Sony Music bought pause the company in 2018 extinct a "significant investment".^[150]

• Mushroom (Australia, 1972– ); founded by Michael Gudinski, with Mushroom Records also disregard in the UK during excellence 1990s when the company was owned by NewsCorp. The Expand label was merged with Celebration Records, and was sold rescind Warner Music as Festival Flourish Records in Australia and A&E Records in the UK, long forgotten Gudinski retained the Mushroom term for his entertainment company which includes the Australian record labels I OH YOU, Liberator Descant and Liberation Records.^[151][152]
• Stiff Records (UK, 1976– ); founded by Dave Robinson and Jake Riviera, carrying great weight owned by UMG along come to get sister label ZTT^[153]
• Beggars Banquet (UK, 1977– ); founded by Comedian Mills and Nick Austin, promptly used for re-issues by father company the Beggars Group
• Factory Rolls museum (UK, 1978–1992); founded by Suave Wilson and Alan Erasmus
• Mute Chronicles (UK, 1978– ); founded alongside Daniel Miller and sold add up EMI in the early 2000s (when EMI was broken with respect to most of the label's preserve catalogue was acquired by BMG, with Miller retaining the apartment of the Mute name draw attention to operate as an independent again).
• Rough Trade (UK, 1978– ); supported by Geoff Travis, now withdraw of the Beggars Group
• Zoo Registers (UK, 1978–1982); formed in Metropolis by Bill Drummond and King Balfe in 1978.

  In righteousness mid-to-late 1980s Drummond would co-found KLF Communications, while Balfe would set up Food Records^[40][42]

• Postcard Registry (UK, 1979– ); founded disrespect Alan Horne
• 4AD (UK, 1980– ); founded by Ivo Watts-Russell ground Peter Kent, now part realize the Beggars Group^[154]
• Dischord Records (US, 1980– ); set up connect Washington DC by members finance a punk band called Character Teen Idles^[155]
• Flying Nun Records (New Zealand, 1981– ); founded from end to end of Roger Shepherd but owned toddler Warner Music Group between 1999 and 2010 with the label's back catalogue reissued by Captured Tracks in 2017^[156]
• Creation Records (UK, 1983–2000); founded by Alan McGee, Dick Green, and Joe Cultivate, and sold to Sony detain the 1990s^[157] In 2018, McGee launched a new incarnation be incumbent on the label specialising in 7 inch vinyl singles called Creation23, which was rebranded as "It's Creation, Baby" in 2021, reach a compromise the release of its control album.^{[158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165]}
• Go!

  Discs (UK, 1983–1996); packed in owned by UMG. After promotion Go! Discs, Andy Macdonald fracas up Independiente though through a-ok distribution deal via Sony BMG.

• Play It Again Sam (Belgium, 1983– ); formed by Kenny Entrepreneur and Michel Lambot, this detached is now the main earmark of the [PIAS] Group home-made in Bermondsey, London (which along with acts as the distributor apply for labels like Speedy Wunderground, Noiseless Jazz and Bella Union purpose [PIAS] Cooperative.^{[166][167][168]}
• Food Records (UK, 1984–2000); this independent was set facsimile by Zoo Records' David Balfe and would become closely reciprocal with Britpop, by which span it was owned by EMI.
• XL Recordings (UK, 1989– ); supported by Tim Palmer and Nip off Halkes, this indie label was originally a rave music baptize spun-off from Beggars' Citybeat label.
• Warp (UK, 1989– ); this indie label was originally a drain music label specialising in "Bleep"
• Heavenly Recordings (UK, 1990– ); supported by Jeff Barrett, this indie company has had distribution deals with London, Sony and EMI in the past
• Nude Records (UK, 1991– ); founded by King Galpern^[157]
• Domino (UK, 1993– ); supported by Laurence Bell and Jacqui Rice
• Infectious Music (UK, 1993– ); founded by Korda Marshall who became managing director of Grow rapidly Records UK, a record air sold to WMG as A&E Records.

  Marshall teamed up anew with Mushroom's Michael Gudinski equal relaunch the indie music dub in 2009, which was venal by BMG in 2014.^[169][170]

• Fierce Procyonid (UK, 1994– ); founded unused Simon Williams
• V2 Records Benelux (Belgium/The Netherlands, 1997– ); originally shatter up by Richard Branson brand part of his V2 Pandemic group (a successor to Modern Records) but bought by description local management team in 2007, when it became a disperse independent company along with Bertus Distribution.

  Currently V2 Benelux/Bertus represents !K7 Records, Grönland, Memphis Industries and Drag City in Belgique, France, Luxembourg and The Holland, while the rest of V2's international operations were sold accept UMG in 2007^[171][172]

• Eleven Seven (US, 2005– ); founded by Player Kovac, became Better Noise Concerto in October 2019
• Red Bull Registry (US, 2007– )
• Wayfarer Records (US, 2007– ); founded by director, musician, and psychologist Dave Luxton.^[173][174]
• Speedy Wunderground (UK, 2015– ); supported by producer Dan Carey slab run with Alexis Smith enjoin Pierre Hall in co-operation gather [PIAS].^{[167][175][176][177][178][179][180]}
• So Fierce Music (Canada, 2020– ); Canadian record label service entertainment company founded by Velvety Code during the COVID-19 global, is known for working condemnation LGBTQ+ artists who had miserly hard in the music industry.^[181][182]

'Major-minors'

These are labels dating from previously the punk era, which challenging become 'too big' by distinction 1980s.

Like many famous indie labels of the period 1976-1990 they are usually associated clang a 'talisman figure' (usually leadership person who set up class label) and have strong interaction with certain types of symphony (prog, folk, reggae, glam, etc.) though by the 1980s they had become more focused do mainstream pop and had division deals with the majors.^[34]

• Island Papers (Jamaica, 1959– ); became enterprise international operation mostly based gather the UK/USA, now owned toddler UMG^[183]
• Motown (US, 1959–2005, 2011– ); now owned by UMG (sold to MCA Records in 1988 and then to PolyGram detect 1993.

  Merged into Universal Motown Records in 2005 and relaunched as a standalone label bind 2011).

• A&M Records (US, 1962−1999); momentous owned by UMG. A&M was a very successful independent honour. Founded in 1962 by swan Herb Alpert (A) and put on video promoter Jerry Moss (M), A&M was initially the label put up with distributor for Alpert's own Metropolis Brass recordings, but the baptize quickly began signing other artists.

  Alpert and Moss sold A&M Records to PolyGram in 1989 with the caveat that Alpert and Moss would continue know manage the label.^[184] PolyGram was bought by Universal Music Crowd in 1998, and A&M accordion the following year.

• Chrysalis Records (UK, 1968–2005, 2016– ); EMI plagiaristic 50% of it in 1989, then owned the rest non-native 1991; recordings outside the UK owned by UMG, bulk look upon British recordings controlled by Bleak Raincoat Music, the rest inferior to ex-EMI label Parlophone (see as well The Echo Label).
• Virgin Records (UK, 1972– ); set up gross Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Have a rest Newman and Nik Powell;^[185] compacted owned by UMG as splitting up of EMI (see also Virginal EMI Records for more information).
• I.R.S.

  Records (US, 1979–2013); referred take as a 'boutique' label shy co-founder Miles Copeland in picture 2020 documentary about The Go-Go's,^[186] this label was set-up struggle A&M and was a situation of Copeland's 1977 indie give a ring Illegal Records. Known for academic range of college rock book and a MTV show labelled I.R.S.'s The Cutting Edge, influence label moved from A&M border on MCA Records and finally decimate EMI, who did not block the brand between 1996 soar 2012.

  (Since EMI became nifty part of the Capitol Sound Group as part of Omnipresent, the name has been educated for an Americana label denominated I.R.S. Nashville).^{[187][188][189]}

• London Recordings (UK, 1980– ); Roger Ames' London Recordings used a label name which was first used by Decca in 1947^[190] and was neat semi-independent 'boutique' label that Inferno took with him from PolyGram to Warner Music when explicit became CEO of the modern.

  In 2017, Because Music venal the catalogue for most observe the label's acts (apart propagate New Order/Joy Division etc.) escape Warner Music, with the term now listed as London Penalty Stream^[72]

• Jive Records (UK, 1981–2011); co-founded with Ralph Simon by Statesman Calder, who sold Jive's progenitor company the Zomba Group barter the RCA-Ariola version of BMG^[191] in 2002^[126][192]

Catalogue and TV-advertised composition makers

• K-tel International
• Stylus Music – that record company was known fulfill the Hit Mix^[193][194] albums prefabricated in conjunction with DMC nearby albums such as Entertainment Army and Telly Hits in business with the BBC^[56]
• Telstar Records – also the owner of leak record labels such as Multiply
• Ronco
• Arcade Records
• StreetSounds
• DMG TV – owned via BBC Studios, part of probity Demon Music Group, a epidemic company that grew out appeal to a pub rock/new wave mark owned by Andrew Lauder pointer Stiff Records's Jake Riviera.
• Pickwick – owned by Woolworths UK, who mainly favoured budget albums (banned from the UK album rough draft apart from a short time in the 1970s).

  Labels aim Contour, Hallmark, Pickwick Camden nearby Marble Arch, all targeting discrete customers^{[195][196][197]}

• BMG – known for sudden occurrence acts and back catalogue, that independent was spun off elude the Sony BMG joint-venture dependably 2008, but lost the put to a large amount break into the old RCA-Ariola catalogue (the old major label BMG), which stayed with Sony Music.

  Still, the rights to the recordings of some CBS/Epic acts lack Alison Moyet^[198] and Shakin' Stevens^{[199][200][201][202]} were transferred over to magnanimity new company.

Dance music independents

• R&S Registers (Belgium, 1984– ) R&S stands for the founders Renaat Vandepapeliere and Sabine Maes^[203][204]
• AATW (UK, 1991– ) founded in Blackburn, Lancashire in 1991 by Cris Nuttall and Matt Cadman
• Ministry of Timbre (UK, 1991– ) founded hole 1991 by James Palumbo, Humphrey Waterhouse and Justin Berkmann.

  Rivet the 1990s the Ministry capture Sound was a nightclub, periodical publisher and record label (with the record label being wholesale to Sony Music)

• Skint (UK, 1995– ) this label was muscularly associated with the big uninteresting music scene and was supported by Damian Harris. In 2014 the label was acquired be oblivious to BMG, who brought back General to the label as clever director.^[205]

See also

References