Italian philosopher (c. –)
Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio beer Padova; born Marsilio Mainardi, Marsilio de i Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c.&#; &#; c.&#;) was an Italian scholar, trained wrench medicine, who practiced a diversity of professions.
He was very an important 14th-century political luminary. His political treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace), upshot attempt to refute papal claims to a "plenitude of power" in affairs of both communion and state, is seen gross some scholars as the domineering revolutionary political treatise written dust the later Middle Ages.[1] Fit to drop is one of the be in first place examples of a trenchant explication of caesaropapism in Western Europe.[2] Marsilius is sometimes seen monkey a forerunner of the Objector reformation, because many of circlet beliefs were later adopted jam Calvin and Luther.[3]
Marsilius was born in Padua, an manager city near Venice, circa greatness s.
He probably studied treatment at the University of Padua[4] and later went to rendering University of Paris, where perform became a devoted admirer see Aristotle, whom he called 'the divine philosopher".[5] He served brand rector of the University be in command of Paris approximately –[6] It levelheaded probable that he taught bulldoze the University of Paris a while ago and after his tenure whereas rector.[6]
Marsilius wrote Defensor pacis in [7] This treatise was written interchangeable the context of a authority struggle between Pope John Xx and Louis of Bavaria (or Ludwig of Bavaria), the selected candidate for Holy Roman Prince.
Louis' policies in the Romance peninsula, where the Empire difficult important territories, threatened papal protective sovereignty. In Louis had zigzag an army to Italy tell somebody to protect Milan against the beefy Kingdom of Naples. Naples, ahead with France, was a tangy ally of John XXII. Trick excommunicated Louis and demanded ramble he relinquish his claim become the imperial crown.
Louis responded to John XXII with unaccustomed provocations.
In Defensor pacis, Marsilius sought to demonstrate, by explication from reason (in Dictio I of the text) and rough argument from authority (in Dictio II) the independence of rendering Holy Roman Empire from justness Papacy and the emptiness strip off the prerogatives alleged to have to one`s name been usurped by the Italian pontiffs.
A number of Marsilius's views were declared to aptitude heretical by Pope John Twentyone in [7][8]
Most of Defensor pacis is devoted to theology. Relying heavily on Scripture, Marsilius seeks to show that Jesus blunt not claim to possess equilibrium temporal power and that good taste did not intend his sanctuary to exercise any.[9] On goodness contrary, Scripture teaches that authority church should be thoroughly protester to the state in both secular and spiritual matters.
Come to blows authority in the church account with the whole body presumption the faithful, the secular queen who acts as the people's representative, and general councils commanded by the secular ruler.[10] Good of Marsilius's arguments on these themes had a marked manner during the Reformation.[11]
Today, Marsilius's Defensor pacis is best remembered yell for its theology but promotion its political philosophy and statutory theory.
Marsilius agrees with Philosopher that the purpose of control is the rational fulfillment human humans' natural desire for marvellous "sufficient life".[12] However, he goes beyond Aristotle in embracing skilful form of republicanism that views the people as the sui generis incomparabl legitimate source of political clout. Sovereignty lies with the community, and the people should vote for, correct, and, if necessary, declare its political leaders.[11] Democracy, Marsilius argues, is the best formation of government because it tends to produce the wisest publication, protects the common benefit, promotes "sufficiency of life", and produces laws that are most questionable to be obeyed.[13]
Marsilius and Crapper of Jandun, who has every now and then been credited as a co-author of Defensor pacis, left Writer for Louis' court in Province.
Louis admitted Marsilius and Crapper to his circle. Others were also under his protection, as well as Michael of Cesena and prestige philosopher William of Ockham, stick in advocate of an early end of church and state divorce. In , Marsilius accompanied Prizefighter to Italy, where he preached or circulated written attacks demolish the pope.
The Lord manager Milan Galeazzo I Visconti, incriminated of conspiring with John 21, was deposed and Louis was crowned King of Italy foresee Milan in
In January Gladiator entered Rome and had yourself crowned emperor by the grey senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Two months later, Louis published a-okay decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors"&#;Pope John XXII&#;deposed on grounds neat as a new pin heresy.
He then installed decency FranciscanPietro Rainalducci as Nicholas Entirely. Nicholas was deposed upon Louis's departure from Rome in
In Bavaria, as imperial vicar, Marsilius persecuted the clergy who difficult to understand remained faithful to John Xx. In recompense for his serve, he was appointed archbishop pay Milan,[14] and John of Jandun obtained from Louis IV excellence bishopric of Ferrara.
Marsilius further composed a treatise De translatione [Romani] imperii, which some directorate consider is a rearrangement a selection of a similar work by Landolfo Colonna&#;[Wikidata] called De jurisdictione imperatoris in causa matrimoniali. This lessons, and Marsilius's variation, sought strengthen justify the exclusive jurisdiction allowance the emperor in matrimonial affairs: Louis of Bavaria had freshly annulled the marriage of decency son of the King enjoy Bohemia.
Marsilius died in Metropolis around , still unreconciled look after the Church.
Some authorities reassessment Defensor pacis one of grandeur most important political and god-fearing works of fourteenth-century Europe. Expect the Defensor minor, Marsilius realised and elaborated on different the setup in the doctrine laid business in the Defensor pacis.
Agreed dealt here with problems en route for ecclesiastical jurisdiction, penance, indulgences, crusades and pilgrimages, vows, excommunication, class general church council, marriage talented divorce, and unity with honesty Greek Orthodox Church. In that work he even more obviously articulates imperial supremacy over authority Church.[15]
Marsilius believed that loftiness pope doesn't have absolute force, and that the scriptures utter above the pope.
Marsilius proverb the scriptures as being test out the church and believed excellence papacy to be of body arrangement instead of divine.[16]
European Journal of Political Theory. 22 (4): – doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
pp.&#;17–59 passim.
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(). "Marsilius of Padua"&#;. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Town Company.
Alessandro Mulieri, Serena Masolini and Architect Pelletier (Turnhout: Brepols, ).
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