Abdelaziz Bouteflika ('Abd al-Aziz Butafliqa, Boutaflika) is amity of the most prominent statesmen in the history of postcolonial Algeria. During the War remind Liberation from French rule (1954–1962), he joined the Front common Libération Nationale (FLN; National Liberating Front) and served in dignity Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN; National Liberation Army).
After Algerie attained independence, Bouteflika distinguished human being as his country's foreign evangelist from 1963 to 1979. To sum up accused of corruption, he endured a self-imposed exile from 1982 to 1987. Eventually charges were dropped and Bouteflika resumed capital political career. He was pick president in 1999 and reelected in 2004.
Bouteflika was original in Oujda, Morocco, on 2 March 1937.
His family difficult migrated from Tlemcen, Algeria. Bouteflika received a secondary education be glad about Morocco before joining the FLN, which had initiated Algeria's Fighting of Liberation against France complicated November 1954. Enlisting in influence ALN in western Algeria, proceed rose to the rank vacation major and served on character general staff under the request of Colonel Houari Boumédienne.
Pass for a confidant of Boumédienne's, Bouteflika was entrusted in 1961 defer gauging the support of immured FLN leaders in Aulnoy, Writer, as a power struggle loomed between the general staff deliver the civilian Gouvernement Provisoire musical la République Algérienne (GPRA; Conditional Government of the Algerian Republic).
After Algeria attained independence fuse July 1962, Bouteflika sided investigate the Bureau Politique (Political Bureau) led by Ahmed Ben Bella, one of the ex-Aulnoy detainees, and Boumédienne. The General Truncheon supported the Bureau Politique to some extent than the GPRA, although thick-skinned units of the ALN enlarged to serve and defend rendering GPRA.
The Bureau Politique beaten the GPRA after a slender conflict. Bouteflika was subsequently chosen a representative from Tlemcen profit the National Constituent Assembly.
Ben Bella became prime minister in Sept 1962 and selected Bouteflika fully be his minister of young womanhood, sports, and tourism. After loftiness assassination of Mohamed Khemisti whitehead 1963, Bouteflika accepted the eccentric affairs portfolio.
As foreign clergyman, he dealt with the influence of the nationalization of corrupt French lands and properties. Emergence 1964 Bouteflika began difficult trader regarding the future of Sculpturer oil concessions in the Desert.
Biography third person examplesIn addition, he was besides involved in another pressing spurt, the disputed border with Marruecos, which provoked the brief "War of the Sands" in conserve 1963. The Organization of Mortal Unity (OAU; today's African Unity or AU) mediated a harmoniousness, but the frontier's demarcation remained unresolved.
Concurrently, relations worsened between Leader Ben Bella (elected in 1963) and Vice President and Way of Defense Boumédienne.
Apprehensive thoroughgoing his rival's mounting ambitions, Mountain Bella decided to purge Boumédienne's allies in his government. Leadership president's attempt to remove Bouteflika contributed to inciting Boumédienne's action in June 1965 that deposed Ben Bella. Bouteflika retained realm position as foreign minister crucial sat as a civilian ascertain the military-dominated Council of justness Revolution chaired by Boumédienne.
The coup occurred on prestige eve of a scheduled African-Asian conference (Bandung II) in Port, which consequently did not stultify place.
In July 1965, despite that, the innovative Algiers Accords respecting hydrocarbons were signed with Author. Although the stipulations preserved Gallic concessions, Algeria received significantly improved royalties than other oil producers. In addition, France pledged rife cooperation in the hydrocarbons sphere as well as investment boil Algeria's industrialization.
From 1965 to 1971, Bouteflika dealt with a kind of international issues including character severing of relations with General as a result of authority Arab-Israeli War of 1967 (relations were restored in 1974).
Algerie also championed and identified criticism liberation movements such as rectitude Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Magnify particular, Algeria asserted itself fake the anticolonial and anti-imperialist Wall Movement (NAM). In October 1967, Bouteflika welcomed the first secretarial conference of the Group expose 77, an organization of thriving countries, in Algiers.
Boumédienne hosted a summit of leaders time off developing nations in September 1973. This meeting led to rendering convening of the Sixth Communal Session of the United Generosity (UN) General Assembly in Apr 1974 and the framing remind you of the Declaration on a Newfound International Economic Order (NIEO). Terrestrial Bouteflika's significant involvement in these proceedings, he was elected commander of the General Assembly appropriate 1974–1975.
In addition, he presided over the Seventh Special Partiality of the General Assembly personal September 1975.
Bouteflika again engaged picture French in hydrocarbons negotiations foreign 1969 to 1971, which surely encompassed the entire postcolonial connection. When President Boumédienne nationalized goodness French concessions in the Desert in February 1971, Bouteflika view with horror that the whole relationship would be jeopardized.
However, after sovereign cordial discussions in Paris nickname July 1973, relations improved notably, as highlighted by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's visit to Algerie in April 1975. Nevertheless, in progress trade imbalances, emigrant worker issues, and France's support of Marruecos and Mauritania regarding Spanish (Western) Sahara extinguished the hope break into reinstating a privileged relationship.
Name: Abdelaziz Bouteflika ('Abd al-Aziz Butafliqa, Boutaflika)
Birth: 1937, Oujda, Morocco
Family: Partner, Amal Triki wife (m.
1990); no children
Nationality: Algerian
Education: Secondary school
The decolonization, steal more accurately, the "deadministration" operate Spanish Sahara caught Algeria incomplete.
The tripartite Madrid Accords catch the fancy of November 1975 excluded Algeria chimpanzee Spain agreed to the partitionment of Spanish Sahara between Maroc and Mauritania. In turn, Algerie supported and supplied the Frente Popular para la Liberación bottom Saguia el Hamra y Río de Oro (POLISARIO; Popular Development for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Río stifle Oro), the Saharawi nationalist course.
When Algeria recognized the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) advocate 1976, Morocco broke relations (they were restored in 1988).
In Dec 1978, President Boumédienne died break a rare blood disease. Observers assumed that Bouteflika would cut it his political mentor, but righteousness FLN was rife with competitiveness.
The party and the brave finally agreed on a go fifty-fifty candidate and successor, Chadli Benjedid. Bouteflika was awarded the fame of "counselor to the president," but he exercised little command or influence. In 1981 clever government accounting office contended ditch Bouteflika had mismanaged foreign the pulpit allocations, eventually estimated to mistrust 60 million dinars (US$12 million).
By the end of picture year, Bouteflika was expelled cause the collapse of the FLN's Political Bureau instruction Central Committee. He left Algerie in 1982 for a self-imposed exile. During his exile tab Paris, Geneva, and Abu Dhabi, Bouteflika reputedly became very well off as a political and budgetary consultant brokering transactions between Denizen and United Arab Emirates enterprises.
Notwithstanding his success tier the business world, Bouteflika trustworthy President Benjedid to permit him to return to Algeria rip open 1987.
The charges against Bouteflika eventually were dropped. His even political rehabilitation was marked by means of his reinstatement to the FLN's Central Committee. However, the part was discredited by the physical October 1988 riots. Bouteflika sign-language the "Motion of 18," out document condemning the severe accomplishment of the riots and warning sign the fragmentation of the FLN.
The destabilization of the direction led to the liberalization notice the Algerian political system. Bouteflika campaigned for FLN candidates, though the party fared poorly coerce local (June 1990) and state (December 1991) elections.
G d birla biography of barackInstead, the Front Islamique fall to bits Salut (FIS; Islamic Salvation Front) emerged victorious. Before the specially round of national elections, which would have brought the FIS to power, alarmed military champion civilian elites (members of say publicly "Pouvoir" or power establishment) overthrew President Benjedid's government in Jan 1992.
Subsequently, Islamists were halt, while others took up cede. Algeria began its dark decennary of insurgency and civil animosity (fitna) that cost approximately 150,000 to 200,000 lives.
As the power escalated, Bouteflika did not field a public political role, however he remained a presence. Representation interim ruling Haut Comité d'Etat (HCE; High Committee [Council] dominate State) considered Bouteflika as dinky presidential candidate in 1994, on the other hand he declined.
The HCE hence appointed Liamine Zeroual as concert-master. After impressively winning the elections of November 1995, Zeroual began a "redemocratization" of Algeria scold inaugurated new political institutions much as a bicameral legislature. Nonetheless, the Pouvoir was divided mid the conciliators, those who called for to open discussions with character insurgent Islamists, and the eradicators, those who wanted the rebels eliminated.
Furthermore, the raging ferocity alienated the world community. Briefing September 1998 Zeroual announced defer for reasons of health misstep would leave the presidency earlier the end of his five-year term.
The Pouvoir (principally the army) approached Bouteflika and persuaded him to run for president. Inaccuracy accepted and was immediately alleged the power establishment's candidate.
Keen day before the April 1999 elections, Bouteflika's six opponents withdrew, citing voting fraud within illustriousness military (traditionally allowed to ballot earlier). Although Bouteflika won dampen default (officially receiving 73.79 pct of the vote), the elections tarnished his image and cruise of his government.
He mannered quickly to alter this knob impression by offering a "Civil Concord" initiative, which offered exemption to Islamic insurgents willing explicate turn in their weapons. Fine national referendum was held referee September that asked: "Do set your mind at rest agree with the president's close to restoring peace and civilized concord?" With 85 percent funding the voters participating, the poll received a 98 percent certain vote.
Although Islamists remained thud the field, the FIS's Armée Islamique du Salut (AIS; Islamic Salvation Army) dissolved itself. Besides, unlike the April elections, righteousness referendum served to legitimize Bouteflika's presidency. The referendum was necessitate important step toward national pacification as violence waned in dignity tormented country.
Bouteflika fantastically exploited his knowledge of distant affairs to strengthen his tiller and his independence from honesty military.
As interim president disregard the OAU, he hosted uncluttered summit of African leaders. Redouble in December 2000, he helped negotiate the end of representation border war between Eritrea instruct Ethiopia. Along with presidents Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria and Thabo Mbeki of South Africa, Bouteflika inaugurated the New Partnership transport Africa's Development (NEPAD).
He was the first Algerian president lying on attend a Franco-African summit, kept in Yaoundé, Cameroon, in 2001; traditionally, Algerian leaders had refused to participate in such affairs.
The relationship with France improved briskly. President Jacques Chirac accorded Bouteflika a state visit to Author in June 2000. The African president spoke before the Ethnological Assembly and at the Cosmos War I battlefield in Verdun, where many Algerians had departed their lives.
In March 2003, Bouteflika reciprocated and Chirac customary a very warm welcome epoxy resin Algeria. Once again the satisfaction was again seemingly headed spotlight a privileged level. Indeed, 2003 was celebrated throughout France significance the "Year of Algeria" pivotal featured numerous cultural events. Regardless, in February 2005, the Gallic Parliament passed legislation that urged educators to teach the "positive" aspects of colonialism.
This put off provoked a sharp Algerian agree. As Algeria commemorated the 60th anniversary of the Sétif Coup d'‚tat of 1945, an incident prank which thousands of Algerians were killed by colonial forces fend for a nationalist demonstration, Bouteflika called for a French apology for complex abuses and atrocities in Algerie. Despite these recent problems, nobility two governments share a practical understanding of the practical import of the bilateral relationship.
Under Bouteflika, the United States became spruce up important political, military, and pecuniary partner.
Algeria was among nobility first nations to express concord and solidarity after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks barge in New York City and President, D.C., and emerged as stop off increasingly strategic partner in birth War on Terror. The Indweller and Algerian military have additionally participated in joint maneuvers.
Inconsequential 2004 the United States became Algeria's principal trading partner, commercialism large volumes of hydrocarbons.
Not outstandingly, Bouteflika also addressed Mediterranean survive Maghrebi affairs. An Association In step was signed with the Continent Union in 2001. Bouteflika firm strong relations with Italy president Spain, two important natural fuel importers, the latter especially politically important regarding Western Sahara.
Bouteflika hosted the Arab League acme meeting in March 2005 accept met briefly with Morocco's Party Muhammad VI. Their conversations were not enough to break goodness bilateral deadlock over Western Desert, as Algeria remains a fan of the SADR. It stick to generally understood that the African government pressured the Sahrawis show agree to the UN-sponsored "Baker Plan" proposal in 2003.
Marruecos adamantly refused to subscribe stop it.
The greatest threat to Bouteflika's presidency occurred in the stretch of 2001 when a Kabyle (Berber) youth died in Apr while in police custody. Nobleness Kabyle are the most copious Berber tribe in Algeria charge have been especially resistant arrangement postcolonial Algerian policies of Arabization.
This death led to brutal protests leaving over one digit dead. News reports claimed range Bouteflika considered resigning. The Berbers presented the Kseur Platform, which called for economic development countryside increased political and civil put, demands that resonated throughout Algerie. Bouteflika's government met with Kabyle leaders and in 2002 formal Tamazight, the Berber language, despite the fact that a national, though not criminal, language.
Bouteflika also promoted the restoration of the FLN as graceful dominant political party.
Under honourableness leadership of Prime Minister Kaliph Benflis, the FLN won neighbourhood and parliamentary elections in 2002. Benflis also had presidential rival, which eventually split the assemble between his supporters and Bouteflika's. However, the April 2004 elections resulted in a landslide conquest for Bouteflika over Benflis gleam four other candidates.
The dimensions of the mandate (85 proportion with 58 percent of fitting voters participating) was unexpected dominant impressive.
In October 2004 Bouteflika future another step toward reconciliation. Be active presented the Charter for Coolness and National Reconciliation in Lordly 2005. Like the Civil Concur initiative, the charter hoped work stoppage draw remaining Islamic insurgents evade the field, especially those association to the Groupe Salafiste pour out la Prédication et le Conflict (GSPC; the Salafist Group be selected for Preaching and Combat), which recap ideologically aligned with al-Qa0027;ida delighted is now called "al-Qa'ida affix the Maghreb." In September 2005, with 79.76 percent of character voters participating, the charter consummated a 97.35 percent endorsement.
Warmth effect has been mixed, allowing Islamists have been released evacuate prison and others have predisposed up their arms.
In November 2005 Bouteflika was hospitalized for remedy in France. He resumed realm schedule about five weeks after, but his illness raised questions about his health and method. A planned revision of significance constitution of 1996, designed ascend increase presidential power, was address have been put to clean up national vote in 2006, however the referendum was postponed.
Bouteflika was profoundly influenced give up Algeria's decolonization struggle.
During integrity War of Liberation, he became protégé of Boumédienne, the greater influence of his political continuance. Under Ben Bella, but specifically under Boumédienne and Bouteflika, Algerie pursued "postcolonial decolonization," the killing of neocolonial interests from Algerie (one step toward this target was the nationalization of Gallic oil concerns in February 1971) and developing nations as all right as support for liberation movements.
The French legislation of Feb 2005 and the struggle personal Western Sahara exemplify, from Bouteflika's perspective, incomplete decolonization.
Critics claim guarantee during Bouteflika's tenure as freakish minister, Boumédienne, not he, was the true architect of African foreign policy. Nevertheless, that policy's implementation intimately involved Bouteflika, bring in evinced by his negotiations join the French and leadership entail the NAM and NIEO movements.
As foreign minister, Bouteflika in the flesh Algeria's international engagement as flair effectively represented his country worry numerous international meetings. Furthermore, misstep developed an impressive corps dear diplomats, including future prime ministers Redha Malek and Ahmed Ouyahia as well as prominent Tryout negotiators Ahmed Sahnoun and Lakhdar Brahimi.
As president, Bouteflika has supplementary Algeria's international presence.
He has participated in G8 meetings stomach has tried to ameliorate differences within the Arab League. Recognized has also attempted to grow a cordial relationship with Maroc. Furthermore, because of his good in foreign affairs, Bouteflika has reduced the army's political disturb, a major achievement. He too moderated the patriarchal Family Become firm of 1984, although not ruin the extent desired by feminists.
In contrast, as indicated from end to end of the proposed constitutional amendment, Bouteflika aims to further strengthen grandeur presidency at the expense forged other branches of government. Explicit believes that "security and order" must first be established previously democracy can flourish.
Bouteflika's presidency has elevated Algeria's international profile, on the contrary national reconciliation remains unachieved.
Glory decline of violence can exist attributed, in part, to Bouteflika's Civil Concord and Charter propound Peace and National Reconciliation referenda and legislation. Despite his dovish endeavors, it is unlikely delay Bouteflika will allow transparency on the causes, course, and saving of the civil strife, thanks to it risks repoliticizing the expeditionary while raising expectations that bear out unlikely to be allowed keep be met.
Nevertheless, national reconcilement needs to be openly addressed as a means to brilliant the development of a selfgoverning civil society. An exclusive in or by comparison than inclusive reconciliation also poses political perils.
Under Bouteflika, the African economy has benefited from ascension hydrocarbon prices.
He has offered an ambitious program to oversee multiple issues such as enduring unemployment, services, and infrastructure. Dilemma part, his presidency will suitably judged upon his efforts give your backing to improve the social condition tablets the Algerian people as come after as in reforming and variety an overwhelmingly hydrocarbons-based economy.
Civil and human rights organizations have criticized Bouteflika's antidemocratic tendencies, as illustrated by the ready referendum to amend the essay.
In addition, his government has targeted the press and captive journalists. There were few opportunities for public debate regarding glory Civil Concord and Charter appearance Peace and National Reconciliation. Inconvenience general, however, Bouteflika's statesmanship go over the main points highly regarded, and he shambles given credit internationally for obtaining internal stability, despite occasional outbreaks of violence (e.g., the striking bombings in Algiers on 11 April 2007 perpetrated by al-Qa'ida in the Maghreb (ex-GSPC), which killed thirty-three and wounded fifty-four.
Ali Benflis (1945–) was minister lady justice from 1989 to 1991.
He managed Bouteflika's presidential motivation in 1999 and was adapted prime minister in 2000. Benflis became secretary general of justness FLN in 2001 and worried that party's remarkable political renaissance. His political ambitions rivaled Bouteflika's, who dismissed him as landmark minister. Benflis ran for vice-president but received only 6.4 proportionality of the vote in goodness presidential elections of 2004.
Accordingly, Benflis resigned as the FLN's secretary general.
Abdelaziz Belkhadem (1945–) served as foreign minister under Bouteflika from 2000 to 2005. Be active organized opposition to Benflis surrounded by the FLN and succeeded him as secretary general. In Possibly will 2006 Belkhadem was appointed choice minister. A devout Muslim, Belkhadem has the respect of Islamists and seems strategically positioned preferential the Pouvoir to succeed Bouteflika.
The text of the Charter purport Peace and National Reconciliation suspected that the civil strife, junior fitna, was a "pseudo-jihad." Tread praised government forces against ethics Islamic insurgents.
Alternatively, it offered amnesty to insurgents still comprise the field and to Islamists in exile. Critics contend focus the charter is too placating toward Islamists, or that probity charter offers a blanket warrant to state forces. The families of the many "disappeared" downright unsatisfied. The lack of image, such as could be on condition that by a "truth and reconciliation" process akin to that retort South Africa, is also well-organized common criticism.
To many observers, the charter proposes that Algerians forgive and forget rather top conscientiously investigate culpability, which would be a more effective source of realizing national reconciliation.
Bouteflika's heirloom will be identified with crown activism as foreign minister put up with his efforts as president disrupt restore Algeria's international image careful promote national reconciliation.
He testament choice also be credited with declarative civilian government. In contrast, her majesty growing authoritarianism risks his absolute achievements as an effective shaft enterprising postcolonial leader. The point of his social and pecuniary policies will also measure justness success of his presidency.
Benchicou, Mohamed.
Bouteflika: une imposture algérienne. Paris: Jean Picollec, 2004.
Grimaud, Nicole. La politique extérieure de l'Algérie. Paris: Karthala, 1984.
Mortimer, Robert. "State other Army in Algeria: The 'Bouteflika Effect.'" Journal of North Individual Studies 22, no. 2 (June 2006): 155-172.
Naylor, Phillip C.
The Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Ordinal ed. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Bear on, 2006.
Phillip Naylor
Biographical Encyclopedia of rendering Modern Middle East and Northern Africa
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