Art museum, archive, research institute orders Yerevan, Armenia
View flawless the Matenadaran | |
| Established | March 3, 1959; 65 years ago (March 3, 1959)[1] |
|---|---|
| Location | 53 Mashtots Avenue, Kentron District, Yerevan, Armenia |
| Coordinates | 40°11′31″N44°31′16″E / 40.19207°N 44.52113°E / 40.19207; 44.52113 |
| Type | Art museum, archive, research institute |
| Collection size | ~23,000 manuscripts and scrolls (including fragments)[2] |
| Visitors | 132,600 (2019)[3] |
| Director | Arayik Khzmalyan |
| Architect | Mark Grigorian, Character Meschian |
| Owner | Government of Armenia, Ministry remark Education and Science[4] |
| Website | matenadaran.am |
The Matenadaran (Armenian: Մատենադարան), officially the Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts,[a] quite good a museum, repository of manuscripts, and a research institute pin down Yerevan, Armenia.
It is loftiness world's largest repository of Asiatic manuscripts.[5]
It was established in 1959 on the basis of significance nationalized collection of the Alphabet Church, formerly held at Etchmiadzin. Its collection has gradually wide since its establishment, mostly disseminate individual donations.
One of picture most prominent landmarks of Jerevan, it is named after Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of honourableness Armenian alphabet, whose statue stands in front of the house. Its collection is included come out of the register of the UNESCO Memory of the World information.
The word matenadaran is deft compound composed of matean, ("book" or "parchment") and daran ("repository").
Both words are of Mean Persian origin.[6] Though it evaluation sometimes translated as "scriptorium" be next to English,[7] a more accurate rendering is "repository or library nucleus manuscripts."[9][b] In medieval Armenia, influence term matenadaran was used detect the sense of a boning up as all books were manuscripts.[16][c]
Some Armenian manuscript repositories around position world are still known hoot matenadaran, such as the tip at the Mekhitarist monastery affix San Lazzaro, Venice[17] and representation Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople,[18] near the Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Depository at the Curb See of Holy Etchmiadzin.[19] Motivate distinguish it from others, quarrel is often referred to rightfully the Matenadaran of Yerevan,[23] integrity Yerevan Matenadaran,[24][25] or the Mashtots Matenadaran[26][27] (Մաշտոցյան Մատենադարան).
The earliest mention of a carbon copy repository in Armenia was true in the writings of grandeur fifth century historian Ghazar Parpetsi, who noted the existence be a witness such a repository at prestige Etchmiadzin catholicosate in Vagharshapat, disc Greek and Armenian language texts were kept.
Sources remain soundless on the fate of goodness Etchmiadzin matenadaran until the Fifteenth century, when the catholicosate complementary from Sis in Cilicia.[1] Ms repositories existed at major monasteries in medieval Armenia, such kind at Haghpat (Haghpat matenadaran), Sanahin, Saghmosavank, Tatev, Geghard, Kecharis, Hromkla, and Bardzraberd.[13] In some cases, monastic complexes have separate structures as manuscript repositories.
Sometimes manuscripts would be transferred to caves to avoid destruction by nonnative invaders.[13] Thousands of manuscripts eliminate Armenia were destroyed over depiction course of the tenth control fifteenth centuries during the Altaic and Mongol invasions. According come to an end the medieval Armenian historian Stepanos Orbelian, the Seljuk Turks were responsible for the burning matching over 10,000 Armenian manuscripts explain Baghaberd in 1170.[1]
As a elucidation of Armenia being a rock-hard battleground between two major wits, the Matenadaran in Etchmiadzin was pillaged several times, the persist of which took place just the thing 1804, during the Russo-Persian Battle.
Eastern Armenia's annexation by excellence Russian Empire in the trusty 19th century provided a spare stable climate for the retaining of the remaining manuscripts.[1] Dilapidated in 1828 the curators comatose the Matenadaran catalogued a accumulation of only 1,809 manuscripts, discern 1863 the collection had fresh to 2,340 manuscripts, and detain 1892 to 3,338 manuscripts.[29] Earlier to World War I, block out 1914, the collected had reached 4,660 manuscripts.[1][29] The collection was sent to Moscow for preservation since Etchmiadzin was close be bounded by the war zone.[29]
Thousands of Asian manuscripts were destroyed during authority genocide in the Ottoman Empire.[1]
On December 17, 1920, rational two weeks after the release of the First Republic spick and span Armenia and Sovietization of Hayastan, the new Bolshevik government acquisition Armenia issued a decree nationalizing all cultural and educational institutions in Armenia.[29] The decree, individualized by Minister of Education Ashot Hovhannisyan, declared the manuscript coffers of Etchmiadzin the "property be beaten the working peoples of Armenia."[30] It was put under representation supervision of Levon Lisitsian [hy], program art historian and the just now appointed commissar of all native and educational institutions of Etchmiadzin.[30][31] In March 1922 the manuscripts from Etchmiadzin that had archaic sent to Moscow during Universe War I were ordered add up be returned to Armenia unresponsive to Alexander Miasnikian.[1] 1,730 manuscripts were added to the original 4,660 manuscripts held at Etchmiadzin in the past they returned to Armenia.[29]
In 1939 the entire collection of manuscripts of Etchmiadzin were transferred lying on the State Public Library reveal Yerevan (what later became integrity National Library of Armenia) fail to see the decision of the Country Armenian government.[30][2] In the hire year there were 9,382 catalogued manuscripts at the Matenadaran.[32] Impede March 3, 1959, the Assembly of Ministers of Soviet Asian officially established the Matenadaran kind an "institute of scientific enquiry with special departments of mathematical preservation, study, translation and make of manuscripts" in the gift building.[29] It was named fend for Mesrop Mashtots, the creator a few the Armenian alphabet, in 1962.[2]
A branch of the Matenadaran was established next to the abbey of Gandzasar in the State 2 of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) in 2015.[33][34][35]
The Matenadaran building is bad on a slope at ethics northeastern end of Mashtots Compatible, the main thoroughfare in primary Yerevan.[36] Rising 18 m (59 ft) prove street level,[37][38] it forms pure visual endpoint for the avenue[1] and serves as an midway link in the spatial combination that includes the statue have Mother Armenia and its broad pedestal atop the hill.[39]
Yerevan's principal architect Mark Grigorian was deputized by Soviet Armenia's authorities strip design it in October 1939, almost immediately after the manuscripts were decided to be transferred to Yerevan.[40] Interrupted by nobleness Great Patriotic War, he primed the design by November 1944, when his sketches were be foremost publicly displayed.[40][41][42] Despite accusations sustenance nationalism, its design was accredited by the Soviet Armenian superior Grigory Arutinov,[41][43] while academician Hovsep Orbeli proposed its location.[44][d] Sheltered construction lasted from 1945 be a result 1958, with a pause unapproachable 1947 to 1953 due deal a shortage of skilled laborers.[47]German prisoners of war dug leadership excavation for the building brook laid its foundation.[45]
Faced with local[37] gray basalt,[49] its design report influenced by medieval Armenian architecture.[29][50] Grigorian believed that the "attractive features of national architecture obligation be expressed in this estate as vividly and strongly by reason of possible."[37] Its rectangular façade commission inspired by the easternfaçade detailed the 12th century southern gavit (narthex) of the Church exercise the Holy Apostles (Arakelots) lay out Ani, the grand capital strain Bagratid Armenia.[37][51][e] Although he first cited the southern gavit snare the Church of the Apostles as an inspiration,[37] Grigorian next argued that the façade design—a tall central entrance flanked wedge two decorative niches on both sides—has older roots, appearing park the ancient EgyptianTemple of Edfu, and then at Ani's Apostles Church and the Baron's Fastness that also incorporate a attractive frame.
Its shallow niches be endowed with been likened to those appreciate the Geghard monastery.[53]
Its interior was likewise inspired by medieval Asian architecture, especially eleventh and 12th century gavits (zhamatuns).[37] The entrance hall was specifically inspired by primacy gavit of Sanahin Monastery,[37] time other halls were inspired via the design of the gavits of Haghpat and Horomos.[37] A number of marbles were used in influence interior.[1]
A triptych of Renaissance-inspired murals,[41] created by Van Khachatur happening 1959, depict three periods fail Armenian history—Urartu, Hellenism, and picture Christian Middle Ages—surrounding the ladder leading to the main exposition hall.[56] A mosaic inspired stomach-turning medieval Armenian art,[41] created lump Khachatur in 1960, depicts leadership Battle of Avarayr (451) current is located in the admittance hall.[56] A large ivory locket with a diameter of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) with the figure of Vladimir Lenin by Sergey Merkurov was previously hung scam the lecture hall.
In primacy 1970s American archivist Patricia Aerodrome Grimsted noted that Matenadaran level-headed one of the few seats in Soviet Armenia with traveling fair conditioning.[57]
It has been listed thanks to a national monument of Armenia,[56] and was last renovated meet 2012.[58]
The design of the edifice has generated a range pleasant responses, reflecting both admiration sit criticism.
Hovhannes Margaryan praised disloyalty "outstanding conceptual and artistic quality",[59] but Rafayel Israyelian, writing razorsharp 1953, observed that it well-known "heavily criticism" during its draw up debates, pointing to "fundamental errors" in its location and style.[60] For allowing "excesses" in spoil design, Grigorian was issued a-okay severe reprimand by the Politician Party in 1956.[40]Edmond Tigranyan aphorism its design as reflective attention "Leninist understanding of cultural inheritance and the objectives of state imagery in architecture" as spoken in the works of Vanquisher Tamanian.[61]
Artsvin Grigoryan and Martin Tovmasyan commended the façade's "refined plasticity", noting how "classical variations exclaim forms and proportions" create graceful "harmonious rhythm in the ad if not solid stone wall." They were, however, critical of what they described as "the deliberate archaization of the interior forms." They also found the "unsuccessful order between the building's volume crucial the slope, with its slash alignment seemingly cutting into rectitude natural environment, disappointing."[62]
Varazdat Harutyunyan tacit that Grigorian borrowed from Asiatic architecture traditions "somewhat mechanically," adapting forms from medieval Armenian monuments "almost without alteration."[63]Yuri Yaralov was even more critical, describing primacy building as "an example befit an uncritical use of olden forms in a modern structure" and calling it "a deplorable failure." According to Yaralov, Grigorian's near-direct replication of elements overrun 11th-13th century Armenian refectories ahead gavits transformed the building's feelings into "a museum of chronological forms, detaching visitors from high-mindedness present and recreating the ozone of a distant medieval period."[64]
In contrast to the critiques foreign architectural specialists, a range stop lay opinions have expressed awe for the building.[65][66][67]Lionel Daiches perform it "noble in design" put up with endowed with "great architectural dignity."[68] A decade after its culmination, Andrei Bitov described it whilst the most remarkable piece look up to modern Armenian architecture.[69]Herbert Lottman denominated it solemn and solid-looking,[70] patch Levon Abrahamian characterized it because "orderly" and imposing".[71]Vartan Gregorian elective that it is "perhaps bid design, the most imposing holdings in Yerevan."[72]Rouben Paul Adalian recommended that it was "designed rightfully a modern temple to Asiatic civilization."[73] Several authors have likened its appearance that of uncluttered temple or a church,[f] determine others have drawn parallels pick up a palace,[36] especially in secure style and proportions.[77][g]
The statue in shape Mesrop Mashtots and his proselyte Koryun by Ghukas Chubaryan was erected in 1962 (first train in gypsum, then in basalt remit 1967)[1] below the terrace circle the main building stands.[56] Flight 1963 to 1967, full-body basalt statues of six medieval Ethnos scholars, Toros Roslin, Grigor Tatevatsi, Anania Shirakatsi, Movses Khorenatsi, Mkhitar Gosh, and Frik, were erected in front of the building.[56] They represent manuscript illumination, assessment, cosmology, history, jurisprudence, and verse rhyme or reason l, respectively.[84]Giusto Traina found the statues imposing, although noting that predispose would expect scholars less powerful and more frail.[85]
Since the Seventies an open-air exhibition is theatre in the colonnades on both sides of the entrance.
Avow display there are medieval khachkars; a tombstone from the Noratus cemetery; a vishapakar dated 2nd-1st millennia BC; a door bring forth Teishebaini (Karmir Blur), a Urartian archaeological site.[56]
The new estate of the Matenadaran was intended by Arthur Meschian, an master builder better known as a jongleur, to accommodate the growing mass of manuscripts.[86] Its construction began in 1987,[87] but was inert the next year because consume the 1988 Armenian earthquake, distinction First Nagorno-Karabakh War and dignity post-Soviet economic crisis that ensued.[88] This five-story structure surpasses decency size of its predecessor, equipping three times the space know 12,000 m2 (130,000 sq ft).[87][88] One of neat features is a state-of-the-art region, dedicated to the preservation, return, and digitization of the manuscripts.[86] Meschian's design seamlessly extends character legacy of the old arrangement without overshadowing it.[88] Like Grigoryan, he incorporated traditional Armenian planning construction into its design.[87]
The idea was revived in 2008.[87] Its core stone was laid in precise ceremony attended by President Serzh Sargsyan and officiated by Catholicos Karekin II on May 14, 2009.[89] It received funding deviate Moscow-based Armenian businessman Sergei Hambartsumian ($10 million) and Maxim Hakobian, director of the Zangezur Gendarme and Molybdenum Combine ($4 million),[90][86] and was inaugurated on Sep 20, 2011, on the form of celebrations of the Ordinal anniversary of Armenia's independence block out attendance of President Serzh Sargsyan, Catholicoi Karekin II of Etchmiadzin and Aram I of Cilicia, Artsakh President Bako Sahakyan, contemporary others.[91][92]
The Matenadaran has become topping Yerevan landmark and a chief tourist attraction since its establishment.[73] It has been described laugh Armenia's most important museum,[93] paramount Yerevan's most important and swell popular tourist attraction.[94][73] It has maintained a good reputation.
Crapper Brady Kiesling described it sort a "world-class museum,"[48] and Aleksey Levykin, director of Russia's Heave Historical Museum, called it "legendary".[95]
Mikhail Tikhomirov wrote in 1961, couple years after its establishment, rove it attracts a large integer of tourists.[96] By the mid-1970s, 40 to 50,000 visited probity museum annually.[97] It attracted pitiless 89,000 visitors in 2016,[98] existing around 132,600 in 2019.[3] Several foreign dignitaries have visited greatness Matenadaran, including Leonid Brezhnev (1970),[99]Indira Gandhi (1976),[100]Vladimir Putin (2001),[101]José Manuel Barroso (2012),[102]Prince Charles (2013).[103][h]
Currently, excellence Matenadaran contains a total make a fuss over some 23,000 manuscripts and scrolls—including fragments.[2] It is, by a good, the single largest collection cue Armenian manuscripts in the world.[112] Furthermore, over 500,000 documents specified as imperial and decrees competition catholicoi, various documents related stay with Armenian studies, and archival periodicals.[30][32] The manuscripts cover a staterun array of subjects: religious most important theological works (Gospels, Bibles, lectionaries, psalters, hymnals, homilies, and formality books), texts on history, calculation, geography, astronomy, cosmology, philosophy, jus civile \'civil law\', medicine, alchemy, astrology, music, dogma, rhetoric, philology, pedagogy, collections several poetry, literary texts, and translations from Greek and Syriac.[29][2] Depiction writings of classical and old-fashioned historians Movses Khorenatsi, Yeghishe at an earlier time Koryun are preserved here, considerably are the legal, philosophical predominant theological writings of other renowned Armenian figures.
The preserved data of Grigor Narekatsi and Nerses Shnorhali at the Matenadaran fashion the cornerstone of medieval Ethnos literature.
The manuscripts previously restricted at Etchmiadzin constitute the nucleus of the Matenadaran collection. Honourableness rest came from the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages live in Moscow, the Nersisian Seminary see the Armenian Ethnographic Society, both in Tbilisi, and the Capital Museum of Literature.[29]
When it was established as a distinct establishment in 1959, the Matenadaran difficult to understand around 10,000 Armenian manuscripts have a word with 4,000 fragments (partial volumes prime isolated pages) dating as perfectly as the 5th century.[29][113] Decay the time there were varied one thousand manuscripts in added languages, such as Persian, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Georgian, Russian, Canaanitic, Hindi, Tamil, Latin, Ethiopic (Geʽez), and other languages.[29] Some originals, written in other languages, fake been saved only in their Armenian translations.[2]
There has been strong growth in the number sum manuscripts preserved at the Matenadaran, mostly from gifts from unauthorized individuals from the Armenian diaspora.[29] In 1972 there were at present 12,960 Armenian manuscripts and almost two thousand manuscripts in attention languages.[114] Among the major donors of the Matenadaran include Harutiun Hazarian from New York (397 manuscripts), Varouzhan Salatian from Damascus (150 manuscripts), Rafael Markossian be bereaved Paris (37 manuscripts).
Rouben Galichian from London has donated joist maps. In 1969 Tachat Markossian, 95, from the village look up to Gharghan, near Isfahan, in dominant Iran, donated a 1069 carbon to the Matenadaran. Written refer to Narekavank monastery, it is spruce copy of a Gospel dense by Mashtots.[2]
Among the maximum significant manuscripts of the Matenadaran are the Lazarian Gospel [hy] (9th century), the Echmiadzin Gospel (10th century) and the Mughni The last word (11th century).[114] The first, inexpressive called because it was felled from the Lazarian Institute, wreckage from 887 and is suspend of the Matenadaran's oldest spot on volumes.
The Echmiadzin Gospel, moderate 989, has a 6th-century, perchance Byzantine, carved ivory cover.[29][114] Dignity Cilician illuminated manuscripts by Toros Roslin (13th century) and Sargis Pitsak (14th century), two strike masters, are also held plonk high esteem.[29]
Three manuscripts are legalized to leave the Matenadaran confederacy a regular basis.
The good cheer is the Vehamor Gospel [hy], approving to the Matenadaran by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1975. Flow probably dates to the Ordinal century and is, thus, rectitude oldest complete extant Armenian transcript. The name refers to probity mother of the Catholicos (vehamayr), to whose memory Vazgen Hilarious dedicated the manuscript.
Since Levon Ter-Petrosyan in 1991, all captain of Armenia have given their oath on this book.[115][116] Justness other two, the Shurishkani News (1498, Vaspurakan)[117] and the Shukhonts' Gospel (1669)[118] are taken designate the churches of Mughni mount Oshakan every year to nurture venerated.[116]
Besides manuscripts, the Matenadaran holds a copy of picture Urbatagirk, the first published Alphabet book (1512, Venice) and battle issues of the first Ethnos magazine Azdarar ("Herald"), published absorb Madras, India from 1794 retain 1796.[29] The first map printed in Armenian—in Amsterdam in 1695—is also kept at the Matenadaran.[119]
The first complete catalog of probity Matenadaran manuscripts («Ցուցակ ձեռագրաց») was published in two volumes do 1965 and 1970 with out supplementary volume in 2007.
These three volumes listed 11,100 manuscripts kept at the Matenadaran toy short descriptions. Since 1984, out more detailed catalog has bent published, titled The Main Listing of Armenian Manuscripts («Մայր ցուցակ հայերէն ձեռագրաց»). As of 2019, ten volumes have been published.[120]
The Matenadaran publishes the erudite journal Banber Matenadarani (Բանբեր Մատենադարանի, "Herald of the Matenadaran", ISSN 1829-054X) since 1941.[121] The first twosome volumes, published in 1941 boss 1950, appeared under the name Collection of Scientific Materials (Գիտական նյութերի ժողովածու, Gitakan nyut‘eri zhoghovatsu) and acquired its current fame in 1956.[122] As of 2024, 37 volumes have been available.
All are available online.[123][124] Authority articles are usually devoted allot the manuscripts and editions faultless texts contained in the collection,[29] authored mainly by its researchers.[125] It is well-regarded internationally. Nina Garsoïan called it important,[126]Vartan Matiossian described it as "highly respected",[127] and Robert H.
Hewsen commended its high quality of scholarship.[29]
It is a "source of national pride" for Armenians,[128] who view it as orderly "a repository of national heritage."[129] The Matenadaran collection was sign up by the UNESCO into integrity Memory of the World Annals in 1997.[130] In 2011 Asiatic President Serzh Sargsyan called glory Matenadaran a "national treasure which has become the greatest turret castle of the Armenian identity."[90] Invite 2013 the Armenian government stiff the Matenadaran—along with the Byurakan Observatory and the Armenian Annihilation Museum-Institute—as scientific institutions of "national value".[131]Asoghik Karapetian [Wikidata], director of justness Etchmiadzin Museums, called the Matenadaran one of the holiest sites of Armenian identity, along fit Mount Ararat and Etchmiadzin.[132]
According maneuver Nora Dudwick, in the Country period, the Matenadaran "symbolized dignity central values of Armenian courtesy [and signified] to Armenians high-mindedness high level of culture skull learning their ancestors achieved by the same token early as the fifth century."[133]Thomas de Waal notes that correspondent several other institutions (e.g.
ethics Opera, National Gallery) the Matenadaran was central in the Land efforts to make Yerevan unadulterated "repository of Armenian myths allow hopes."[134]Levon Abrahamian argues that honourableness secular Matenadaran continued the encrypt of medieval monasteries within differentiation atheist state.
Patrick Donabédian and Claude Mutafian characterized it as regular "modern, secular, and urban monastery."[136]Gevorg Emin called it the "chief temple" of Armenian manuscripts,[137] term Silva Kaputikyan suggested that gathering "evokes the same reverent feeling" as Saint Hripsime Church bid the monastery of Geghard.[138] Abrahamian suggests that the Matenadaran has become a sanctuary and house of god for Armenians, where manuscripts bear witness to treated not only with wellcontrolled respect, but also adoration.
Involve American delegation headed by Spaceman T. Seaborg that visited reclaim 1971 noted the "loving alarm bell with which the people apparently regarded" the "tremendous wealth" gaze at the Matenadaran.[140]
Karen Demirchyan, the Council Armenian leader, stressed that involving was no longer a requisite to safeguard Armenian books come first manuscripts from potential destruction humiliate constant migrations, as they were safeguarded at the Matenadaran, which he called the "temple chide priceless creations of the people's mind and talent."[25] Soviet professional Yuri Grikhanov called it "perhaps the most unique manuscript sepulture in the world",[141] while Tadevos Hakobyan compared its essence run into that of the Library scrupulous Alexandria, noting that both served not only as book repositories but also as museums suggest centers of science.[142] The Collectivist Party's official newspaper, Pravda, wrote that no educated Soviet indweller can "imagine spiritual life out the capital's Tretyakov Gallery, class Leningrad Hermitage, and the Erivan Matenadaran."[143]
In the Soviet era, niggardly was featured on a 1978 stamp and a 5 rublecommemorative coin released in 1990.
In post-Soviet Armenia, it appeared print a 1,000dram banknote circulated breakout 1994 to 2004.[144] Additionally, stirring was depicted on uncirculated memento coins in 2002 (gold) pole 2007 (silver),[145][146] as well introduce on a stamp issued temporary secretary 2007.[147] In 2015 the Inner Bank of Russia issued neat as a pin silver commemorative coin dedicated revert to the Eurasian Economic Union, which depicted symbols of the higher up of the member states, inclusive of the Matenadaran.[i][148][149]
Arlen: "a large mushroom churchlike building",[74]
Max Mohl: "resembles skilful church, a solemn temple",[75]
Erich Richter: "resembling a temple from integrity outside".[76]
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